Will criminal record from another country show up in the U.S.? ?

I was watching this show called "Locked Up Abroad" on the National Geographic Channel. Some of these criminals are so stupid and show no respect of being a guest in another country. Will a U.S. citizen who committed a crime in another country (i.e. drug smuggling/possession) have to turn over their US pport once they arrive back to the U.S.? Will their prison sentence show up in a U.S. criminal background search?